During which of the following processes do plants absorb light energy?

Photosynthesis is the process during which plants absorb light energy. This process occurs primarily in the chloroplasts of plant cells, utilizing chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures light energy from the sun. In photosynthesis, plants convert this light energy into chemical energy, synthesizing glucose from carbon dioxide and water. The overall equation reflects the transformation of light energy into the chemical energy stored in glucose, while also releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

In contrast, cellular respiration is the process by which plants (and animals) break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP, using oxygen. It does not involve the absorption of light energy. Transpiration refers to the movement of water vapor from within the plant to the atmosphere, which does not involve light energy absorption. Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant, relying on stored energy rather than the direct absorption of light. Thus, photosynthesis is distinctly characterized by its role in harnessing light energy, making it the correct answer.