For a cotton farmer, which of the following would be considered an output?

In agricultural economics, outputs refer to the goods produced as a result of farming activities. For a cotton farmer, bales of cotton represent the final product that is harvested and sold. These bales are the tangible result of the agricultural process, showcasing the success and productivity of the farming efforts.

In contrast, the other options represent inputs or resources used in the production process. Seeds are the starting materials planted to grow cotton, fertilizers are nutrients applied to enhance the growth of the cotton plants, and labor refers to the human effort involved in planting, maintaining, and harvesting the crops. Therefore, while these elements are crucial for the production of cotton, they do not constitute the final output that the farmer aims to produce from their agricultural practice.